Standards enhance system flexibility? Mapping compatibility strategies onto flexibility objectives

Large Technical Systems (LTSs) such as information networks and transport systems are difficult to change when they are entrenched and lack flexibility. The paper argues that standards enhance system flexibility. This line of argument is explored and elaborated into a conceptual framework that aims to support practices and policies of flexible LTS design. First, the behavioral scope of standards is analyzed in the context of compatibility. The paper identifies several ways of achieving compatibility (compatibility strategies). These can be portrayed by four compatibility dimensions, one of which is standardization. In combination, these dimensions raise awareness to a new range of potential compatibility strategies. Next, since flexibility is a mean and not an aim in itself, the paper specifies a number of flexibility aims common in LTSs. As an illustration, an overview is given of those in the field of ICT. Finally, a framework is drawn up that integrates the two sides of the argument. It lists the main flexibility objectives, and summarizes the compatibility strategies that increase system flexibility – including standardization. Each strategy has its caveats. The paper addresses those related to standards.